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Articles · Vol. 4 No. 2 (2006): Journal of Higher Education in Africa · Pages 1-46
On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and Beyond
- DOI https://doi.org/10.57054/jhea.v4i2.1652
- Published 2006-05-15
- 46 pages
Abstract
This paper examines issues of access and equity in the context of the far-ranging reforms that have been taking place at Makerere University and in the Ugandan higher education system generally since the early 1990s. The analysis attempts to map out the contours of student access over time, outlining the major fault lines in student diversities which include, among others, location, class and gender, as well as the state (university) response to these diversities in the context of market based reforms. We argue that key to the reform programme was a reduction in the state’s financial commitment in higher education and the implementation of alternative financial strategies especially relating to the introduction of the private sponsorship programme in 1992. Private sponsorship greatly expanded the intake of fee-paying students, and the total number of students in higher education in Uganda has ex- panded enormously. However, these apparent gains in terms of access to higher education have been offset by lack of necessary investment in facilities, with result- ing problems of over-crowding, excessive teaching loads, large classes and falling standards. The analysis also interrogates the ways in which government/private dynamic plays out in the context of a highly fractured education system, dominated by urban-based schools, particularly located in the south of the country, and how the various affirmative actions measures have in a way, reproduced social and class privilege.
On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and Beyond
L’article analyse les questions d’accès et d’équité dans un contexte de profondes réformes, à l’Université de Makerere, en particulier, et dans le système de l’enseignement supérieur ougandais, en générale, depuis les années 90. Cette analyse essaie de définir l’évolution de l’accès des étudiants dans le temps, en établissant les éventuelles failles au niveau de la diversité de condition des étudiants, incluant les éléments suivants : l’emplacement, la classe, le genre. L’étude essaie également de définir la réponse de l’État (université) face à cette diversité, dans le contexte de réformes basées sur le marché. Le cœur de ce programme de réforme est la réduction de l’engagement financier de l’État envers l’enseignement supérieur et la mise en œuvre de stratégies financières alternatives, notamment celles liées à l’introduction du programme de sponsorat privé en 1992. Le système du sponsorat privé a considérablement augmenté l’admission d’étudiants payant leurs frais d’étude, et le nombre total d’étudiants dans l’enseignement supérieur ougandais s’est donc considérablement accrû. Cependant, ces acquis apparents en termes d’accès à l’enseignement supérieur ont été obscurcis par le faible niveau d’investissements utiles au niveau des infrastructures, provoquant ainsi des problèmes de sureffectifs, de charges d’enseignement excessives, de salles de cours démesurées et de faible niveau général. L’étude examine également la façon dont la dynamique gouvernementale/privée intervient dans le contexte d’un système d’éducation extrêmement fragile, dominé par des écoles urbaines, particulièrement celles du sud du pays ; elle vise également à montrer comment les différentes mesures de discrimination positive ont dans un certain sens reproduit les privilèges sociaux et ceux de classe.
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