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Articles · No. 20-21 (2013): Afrika Zamani: An Annual Journal of African History
Colonial Economic Disempowerment and the Responses of the Hlengwe Peasantry of the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe: 1890-1965
- DOI https://doi.org/10.57054/az.vi20-21.1817
- Published 2022-01-19
Abstract
Much has been written on how colonialists economically incapacitated Africans through wrestling control of the means of production from them. Some studies have also looked at how various Africans responded to the new order. In the British territory of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) the economic disempowerment of the Africans was through land alienation. However, the areas which have received much coverage on the subject in the country are Matabeleland and Mashonaland on the highveld. Given the economic attractiveness of these two areas to the colonialists and the resistance that the Ndebele and Shona in these areas put up, the overshadowing of peripheral areas such as the S.E. Lowveld, home to the Hlengwe is understandable. However, though the Hlengwe have attracted little more than an occasional passing reference in many studies, they were not spared from the colonial experience, especially the oppression, exploitation and economic disempowerment which other African groups experienced. Therefore, this article is primarily concerned with filling the gap created by the seeming lack of interest in the history of the Hlengwe. Information on Hlengwe colonial history was collected and compiled through oral interviews and a thorough study of archival materials and written sources. The article thus establishes that the loss of land led to the loss of economic independence by the Hlengwe peasantry whose main economic activities were land-based and that this same loss resulted in the Hlengwe people responding in diverse ways to the new colonial order. It goes on to explore the dynamics and variations of the Hlengwe response to colonial rule and exploitation. Most importantly, it establishes that contrary to what the Native Commissioners said, the Hlengwe were a warlike people. The article reveals that as they were integrated more into the orbit of colonial rule and felt its squeeze, they became more aggressive.
Colonial Economic Disempowerment and the Responses of the Hlengwe Peasantry of the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe: 1890-1965
Il existe une pluralité de documentations sur la façon dont les colons ont débilité économiquement les Africains en essayant de leur ravir le contrôle sur les moyens de production. Certaines études ont également examiné les différentes façons dont les Africains ont réagi à ce nouvel ordre. Dans le territoire britannique de Rhodésie du Sud (actuel Zimbabwe), la marginalisation économique des Africains s’est faite à travers l’accaparement des terres. Ainsi les zones ayant fait l’objet d’une attention particulière dans le pays sont le Matabeleland et le Mashonaland dans la région du Highveld. Compte tenu de l’attractivité économique de ces deux régions aux yeux des colons et de la résistance que les Ndebele et Shona ont opposée dans ces régions, le peu d’intérêt qu’ont suscité les zones périphériques telles que la région Sud-est du Lowveld (terroir des peuples Hlengwe) est compréhensible. Toutefois, bien que seules quelques études occasionnelles ont fait allusion aux Hlengwe, ils n’ont pas moins été épargnés par l’expérience coloniale, en particulier l’oppression, et la marginalisation économique comme d’autres groupes africains. Par conséquent, cet article vise principalement à combler le vide créé par le manque apparent d’intérêt pour l’histoire des Hlengwe. A travers des entretiens oraux et une étude approfondie des documents d’archives et des sources écrites, des informations ont été collectées et compilées sur l’histoire coloniale des Hlengwe. L’article établit ainsi que la perte des terres a conduit à la perte de l’indépendance économique par la paysannerie Hlengwe dont les principales activités économiques étaient liées au travail de la terre. En effet, cette perte a poussé les peuples Hlengwe à réagir de diverses manières au nouvel ordre colonial. Il va plus loin pour explorer la dynamique et la variété de la réaction des Hlengwe à la domination coloniale et à l’exploitation. Plus important encore, il atteste que, contrairement à l’idée répandue par les Autorités coloniales locales, les Hlengwe étaient un peuple guerrier. L’article révèle que, à mesure qu’ils ont été intégrés dans l’orbite de la domination coloniale et qu’ils en ressentaient la pression, ils se sont montrés plus agressifs.
Keywords
Disempowerment Colonial Economic Hlengwe Peasantry Zimbabwe South East
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