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Articles · Vol. 36 No. 2 (2011): Africa Development

Commodifying the Female Body: Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

  • Naomi Nkealah
    Naomi Nkealah
    Department of African Literature, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Email: naonkealah@yahoo.com
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Vol. 36 · 2011 No. 2 Africa Development AD

Abstract

The competition for scarce resources within a multi-ethnic community often results in conflicts between ‘indigenous’ peoples and ‘foreign’ migrants, or, to use Francis Nyamnjoh’s expression, between ‘insiders and outsiders’ (Nyamnjoh 2006). Such conflicts are manifested in vari- ous ways, ranging from verbal abuse to physical assault. This expres- sion of hostility, in both word and deed, towards immigrants is what has been termed xenophobia. In May 2008, xenophobic violence against African immigrants broke out in the South African township of Alexandra, and thereafter the violence spread to most parts of the country. Several reasons were put forward in the media in an attempt to explain the cause of the violence, inclusive of which was the claim that foreigners were taking ‘our jobs and our women’. Using this statement as a starting point, this article looks at ways in which conceptualisations of masculinities within a racialized South African public sphere are played out in the xenophobic attacks directed towards immigrants in Alexandra. It looks at cyberspace as a ‘public sphere’ and interrogates the gender implications of using this medium to frame xenophobic violence within the context of contesting masculinities.

Commodifying the Female Body: Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

La concurrence autour de ressources rares au sein d’une communauté multiethnique entraîne souvent des conflits entre populations

« autochtones » et immigrants « étrangers » ou, pour reprendre l’expression de Francis Nyamnjoh (Nyamnjoh 2006), entre « insiders et outsiders ». De tels conflits se manifestent de diverses façons, allant de la violence verbale à l’agression physique. Cette expression d’hostilité envers les immigrants, dans les actes comme dans les paroles, est-ce que l’on a appelé la xénophobie ? En mai 2008, la violence xénophobe contre les immigrants africains a éclaté dans le township sud-africain d’Alexandra, puis a gagné presque tout le pays. Plusieurs raisons ont été avancées dans les medias pour tenter d’expliquer la cause de la violence, notamment que les étrangers prennent « nos emplois et nos femmes ». Partant de cette déclaration, cet article étudie comment les conceptualisations des masculinités dans une sphère publique sud- africaine racialisée se jouent dans les attaques xénophobes dirigées contre les immigrants à Alexandra. Il examine le cyberespace en tant que « sphère publique » et interroge les implications sexospécifiques de l’utilisation de ce moyen pour concevoir la violence xénophobe dans le contexte de la contestation des masculinités.

Keywords

xenophobic violence female body sexualities South Africa

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Author Biography

  • Naomi Nkealah

    Department of African Literature, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Email: naonkealah@yahoo.com