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Articles · Vol. 35 No 1-2 (2010): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la langue, la littérature et le pouvoir dans l'espace public

Public Sphere, Linguistic Sphericules and Discourse Communities in Africa

  • Théophile Ambadiang
    Théophile Ambadiang
    Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Monsalupe 16ab; b, Madrid28047,Spain. E-mail: theophile.ambadiang@uam.es
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Vol. 35 · 2010 N°1-2 Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la langue, la littérature et le pouvoir dans l'espace public AD

Résumé

Dans la définition de Habermas de la sphère publique, le discours est considéré comme un aspect essentiel de la participation des citoyens au débat public qui, fondamentalement, est censé se dérouler dans une société linguistiquement homogène. Le but de cet article est d’évaluer la centralité du discours dans la théorie d’Habermas dans un contexte multilingue comme l’Afrique subsaharienne. Nous nous proposons de montrer que les pratiques discursives, et plus généralement la dynamique qui caractérisent le débat public dans ce contexte, sont déterminées par des facteurs sociolinguistiques tels que la « fermeture de l’élite », le répertoire linguistique, ainsi que par l’exclusion sociale (Scotton, 1993). La fermeture de l’élite, considérée comme l’exclusion sociale basée sur la compétence linguistique, a eu pour effet de construire une sphère publique autour d’une version spécifique des langues européennes (officielles), car elle exclut la majorité des citoyens qui utilisent des versions populaires de ces langues. La corrélation entre la visibilité (dans la sphère publique) et le répertoire de registres rend compte de l’uniformité ou de l’homogénéité du registre qui caractérise généralement les débats publics, puisque même les personnes qui utilisent généralement les versions populaires des langues européennes adoptent le registre de l’élite (souvent avec des effets indésirables). La langue divise ainsi la sphère publique en petits groupes selon des critères de compétence relatifs au registre et à la langue qui excluent ceux qui ignorent les langues officielles européennes. L’étude suggère en outre que ces groupes ou sphéricules (Gitlin 1998) constituent des communautés discursives au sens de Watts (1999), c’est-à-dire des ensembles d’individus dont les pratiques discursives révèlent des intérêts, des croyances et des objectifs communs. Enfin, nous soutenons que la visibilité de tous ces groupes exige l’ouverture de la sphère publique à divers discours (Fairclough 1999, 2006), indépendamment de la façon dont ils se matérialisent. Ainsi, la contribution des personnes dont les répertoires linguistiques n’incluent pas les langues européennes ne sera ni nécessairement ni exclusivement rédigée dans des termes linguistiques. Une conséquence est une perte d’hégémonie de la part des langues européennes.

Public Sphere, Linguistic Sphericules and Discourse Communities in Africa

Discourse, as seen in Habermas’s definition of the public sphere, is an essential aspect of the participation of the citizenry in the public debate which, crucially, is supposed to take place in a linguistically homogeneous society. The aim of this paper is to discuss the centrality of discourse in Habermas’s theory in a genuinely multilingual context as is sub-Saharan Africa. We intend to show that the discursive practices and, more generally, the complex dynamics that characterize public debate in this context are determined by sociolinguistic factors such as ‘elite closure’, linguistic repertoire, as well as by social exclusion (Scotton 1993). Elite closure, considered as social exclusion based on linguistic competence, has had the effect of constructing a public sphere around a specific version of the European (official) language, as it excludes the majority of the citizenry who makes use of the popular versions of these languages. The correlation that exists between visibility (in the public sphere) and register repertoire accounts for the uniformity or homogeneity in the register that tends to characterize public debates, as even individuals who typically use the popular versions of the European languages adopt the register of the elite (often with undesired effects). Language, thus, divides the public sphere in smaller groups along the lines of register competence as well as of linguistic competence which excludes those who have no knowledge of the European official language. This study further suggests that those groups or sphericules (Gitlin 1998) constitute discourse communities in the sense of Watts (1999), that is, sets of individuals whose discourse practices reveal common interests, goals and beliefs. Lastly, we argue that the visibility of all such groups requires the openness of the public sphere to diverse discourses (Fairclough 1999, 2006), independently of the way they materialize. In this sense, the contribution of the individuals whose linguistic repertoires do no include European languages will not necessarily nor exclusively be framed in linguistic terms. One interesting consequence of the discussion is the disempowering/disempowerment of the (European) languages in the African public sphere.

Mots-clés

Sphère publique Sphéricules linguistiques Discours Habermas Afrique

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Citations

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Biographie de l'auteur/ice

  • Théophile Ambadiang

    Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Monsalupe 16ab; b, Madrid28047,Spain. E-mail: theophile.ambadiang@uam.es

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