Articles · Vol. 31 No. 3 (2006): Africa Development: Special Issue on Electoral Politic
Introduction: The Contradictions and Ironies of Elections in Africa
by Kwame A. Ninsin
- DOI https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v31i3.1127
- Published 2006-01-01
Abstract
This introduction interrogates the popular meaning attached to elections in a liberal democracy, where they are generally regarded as expressing the political and civil rights of the citizens. It argues that contrary to this popular view, elections in Africa have become arenas where the elite contest for the consent of the people to exercise state power. The people on their part perceive elections as the entry for securing development projects to improve their material conditions. To this end, the elite employ various mechanisms such as intimidation, election fraud, and primordial identities like tribe and religion to bend election outcomes in their favour. Added to these is poverty, which is employed by the elite to reduce the people to dependency within the framework of clientelism. The result is that elections in Africa tend to confer popular consent on the exercise of state power, but only in the formal sense; in reality elections produce ‘choiceless democracies’.
Introduction: The Contradictions and Ironies of Elections in Africa: par Kwame A. Ninsin
Cette introduction s’interroge sur le sens populaire attribué aux élections dans le contexte d’une démocratie libérale, où ces dernières constituent généralement une forme d’expression des droits politiques et civils des citoyens. Cet article affirme qu’en Afrique, contrairement à cette conception populaire, les élections sont devenues une arène où les élites se disputent le consentement des populations, dans le but d’exercer un pouvoir étatique. Les populations, quant à elles, perçoivent les élections comme une opportunité permettant de bénéficier de projets de développement susceptibles d’améliorer leurs conditions matérielles. Pour arriver à ses fins, l’élite déploie divers mécanismes tels que l’intimidation, les fraudes électorales et les identités primitives (tribu et reli- gion), afin d’influencer les résultats électoraux en leur faveur. S’y ajoute la pauvreté, utilisée par les élites pour rendre ces populations dépendantes à leur égard, grâce à un réseau de clientélisme. Le résultat est qu’en Afrique, les élections ont tendance à attribuer au pouvoir étatique un statut de consentement populaire, mais ceci n’est fait qu’à titre officieux, car dans la réalité, les élections engendrent des « démocraties sans choix ».
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