4 - New Frontiers of Exclusion: Private Higher Education and Women's Opportunities in Kenya
Corresponding Author(s) : Ibrahim Ogachi Oanda
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 3 No. 03 (2005): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
fhe semi-privatisation of public universities and the growth ofprivate universities have been two important developments affecting higher education iri Kenya in the last decade. The trend towards the privatisation ofuniversity education has been in tune with global neo-liberal policies that Kenya embraced from 1986. The policies were promoted for their potential to broaden opportunities for previously excluded groups. In higher education, private universities and programmes claim to offer more opportunities for women and a higher transition from college to employment. A close analysis however reveals that these claims are of limited validity. Rather than expanding opportunities for women, private universities in Kenya tend to cre ate new subtle arenas for exclusion. This article analyses the ways in which the logic and practical working of private universities accentuate women's marginalisation in terms of access policies, academic cultures and disciplinary orientations.
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- Central Bureau ofStatistics, Kenya, 2004, Economie Survey, Nairobi: Govemment Printer.
- Comia, G.A., Jolly, R., and Stewart, F., 1989, Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, UNICEF, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Douglass, John, A., 2005, 'All Globalization is Local: Countervailing Forces and the Influence on Higher Education Markets', Research and Occasional Paper Series, Center for Studies in Higher Education, Berkeley: University ofCalifomia. Joint Admissions Board (JAB), '2000-2004Admission to Public Universities Statistics', Nairobi: JAB.
- Kenya National Examination Council, 2005, 'Analysis of the 2003 and 2004 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examination Results', http:// www.examscouncil.or.ke/results.
- Kiamba, C., 2003, 'The Experience of Privately Sponsored Students and Other Income GeneratingActivities at the University ofNairobi', Case study prepared for the Regional Training Conference on 'Improving Tertiary Education in Sub Saharan Africa; Things that Work! ', Accra, September, 23-25.
- Oanda, 1.0, Fatuma, C., and Wesonga, D., 2006, 'The Implications of Privatization and Private Higher Education on Access, Equity and Knowledge Production in Kenya', Research Report Submitted to CODESRIA, Higher Education Trans formations in Africa Programme, Dakar, Senegal.
- Republic of Kenya, 1998, Kenya Economie Survey, Nairobi: Govemment Printer. • Republic of Kenya, 2004, 'Kenya Review and Appraisal; Final Report on the Implementation of Beijing Platform for Action (Beijing +l 0), 1994-2004', Nairobi.
- Samoff, J, and Bidemi, C., 2003, From Manpower Planning to the Knowledge Era: World Bank Policies on Higher Education in Africa, UNESCO Forum occa sional paper series, No. 2, Stanford University.
- Teffera, D., and Altbach, P., 2004, 'African Higher Education: Challenges for the 21st Century', Higher Education 47: 21-50.
- Teffera, D., 2005, 'Ethiopia: The Current Landscape', International Higher Edu cation, 40: 9-10.
- UNESCO, 1998, World Declaration on Higher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, and Frameworkfor Priority Action for Change and Devel opment in Higher Education, Paris: UNESCO.
- Unterhalter, E., et al., 2004, 'Scaling up Girls' Education: Towards a Scorecard on Girls Education in the Commonwealth', http://kl.ioe.ac.uk/schools/efs/ GenderEduDev/United States International University (USIU), 2005, 'Data Elements (DE) to Sup port the Capacity and Preparatory Review Report', Nairobi: USIU.
References
Central Bureau ofStatistics, Kenya, 2004, Economie Survey, Nairobi: Govemment Printer.
Comia, G.A., Jolly, R., and Stewart, F., 1989, Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, UNICEF, New York: Oxford University Press.
Douglass, John, A., 2005, 'All Globalization is Local: Countervailing Forces and the Influence on Higher Education Markets', Research and Occasional Paper Series, Center for Studies in Higher Education, Berkeley: University ofCalifomia. Joint Admissions Board (JAB), '2000-2004Admission to Public Universities Statistics', Nairobi: JAB.
Kenya National Examination Council, 2005, 'Analysis of the 2003 and 2004 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examination Results', http:// www.examscouncil.or.ke/results.
Kiamba, C., 2003, 'The Experience of Privately Sponsored Students and Other Income GeneratingActivities at the University ofNairobi', Case study prepared for the Regional Training Conference on 'Improving Tertiary Education in Sub Saharan Africa; Things that Work! ', Accra, September, 23-25.
Oanda, 1.0, Fatuma, C., and Wesonga, D., 2006, 'The Implications of Privatization and Private Higher Education on Access, Equity and Knowledge Production in Kenya', Research Report Submitted to CODESRIA, Higher Education Trans formations in Africa Programme, Dakar, Senegal.
Republic of Kenya, 1998, Kenya Economie Survey, Nairobi: Govemment Printer. • Republic of Kenya, 2004, 'Kenya Review and Appraisal; Final Report on the Implementation of Beijing Platform for Action (Beijing +l 0), 1994-2004', Nairobi.
Samoff, J, and Bidemi, C., 2003, From Manpower Planning to the Knowledge Era: World Bank Policies on Higher Education in Africa, UNESCO Forum occa sional paper series, No. 2, Stanford University.
Teffera, D., and Altbach, P., 2004, 'African Higher Education: Challenges for the 21st Century', Higher Education 47: 21-50.
Teffera, D., 2005, 'Ethiopia: The Current Landscape', International Higher Edu cation, 40: 9-10.
UNESCO, 1998, World Declaration on Higher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, and Frameworkfor Priority Action for Change and Devel opment in Higher Education, Paris: UNESCO.
Unterhalter, E., et al., 2004, 'Scaling up Girls' Education: Towards a Scorecard on Girls Education in the Commonwealth', http://kl.ioe.ac.uk/schools/efs/ GenderEduDev/United States International University (USIU), 2005, 'Data Elements (DE) to Sup port the Capacity and Preparatory Review Report', Nairobi: USIU.