Numéro

Vol. 7 No 1-2 (2009): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique

7 - Globalization, the Bologna Process and African Universities: Limits and Contradictions of Market-oriented Higher Education Reforms

https://doi.org/10.57054/jhea.v7i1-2.1606
Isaac N. Obasi
Coordinator, MPA & Master of Arts in Politics & International Relations Programmes, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Southern Africa
Akinpelu O. Olutayo
Visiting Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Southern Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-3045

Corresponding Author(s) : Isaac N. Obasi

obasiin@mopipi.ub.bw

Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique, Vol. 7 No 1-2 (2009): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique

Résumé

Un des plus grands défis posés par la mondialisation néolibérale capitaliste est la compétitivité. La naissance du processus de Bologne en 1999 et le lancement du programme Erasmus Mundus en 2004 ont été de sérieuses tentatives par l’Europe de faire de l’enseignement supérieur l’un des systèmes les plus compétitifs au monde. Ces deux initiatives visent à renforcer la compatibilité et la comparabilité de l’enseignement supérieur européen parmi ses membres, ainsi que son attrait pour les autres régions du monde. La mise en œuvre du processus de Bologne a toutefois exposé les limites et les contradictions des réformes de l’enseignement supérieur axées sur le marché. L’expérience de l’Europe a montré que les réformes néolibérales de l’enseignement supérieur en vertu de la mondialisation peuvent être manipulées comme dicté par les exigences des intérêts nationaux. L’Europe a déclaré l’enseignement supérieur comme un bien public devant être équitablement accessible à tous et relever de la responsabilité publique. Cet article soutient que l’Afrique a beaucoup à apprendre de la mise en œuvre du processus de Bologne. Par ailleurs, l’article soulève des préoccupations politiques au sujet des implications à ce jour de la mise en œuvre du programme Erasmus Mundus de 2004 à 2008, comme certains éléments probants semblent indiquer que les étudiants bénéficiant de ce programme peuvent à terme faire partie de la fuite des cerveaux africains plutôt que de servir l’Afrique. Cela donc entraverait, plutôt que de promouvoir, le développement de l’Afrique, ce qui est apparemment l’objectif que le programme vise à atteindre. Par conséquent, cet article recommande que les décideurs politiques de l’Afrique doivent se lasser des tentatives d’utilisation du processus de Bologne et du programme Erasmus Mundus qui sont un nouveau tremplin subtile promouvant la fuite des cerveaux africains. Il appelle aussi les dirigeants politiques de l’Afrique à faire respecter la Déclaration d’Accra sur l’AGCS et l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique (2004), une politique qui permettrait grandement de contrôler les excès des réformes néolibérales de l’enseignement supérieur en vertu de la mondialisation.

Mots-clés

globalisation Education africain
Isaac N. Obasi, & Akinpelu O. Olutayo. (2009). 7 - Globalization, the Bologna Process and African Universities: Limits and Contradictions of Market-oriented Higher Education Reforms. Revue De l’enseignement supérieur En Afrique, 7(1-2), 159–187. https://doi.org/10.57054/jhea.v7i1-2.1606
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Les références
  1. Accra Declaration on GATS and the Internationalization of Higher Education in Africa, 2004, International Higher Education (IHE), Summer, No. 36. Available at: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe.newsletter/News36/text003.htm) or at: http://www.aau.org/wto-gats/declaration.htm.
  2. African Union, 2008, Harmonization of Higher Education Programmes in Africa: A Strategy for the African Union. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission. Available at: http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/Conferences/2008.march/HRST/ACCRA/ AU-AQRM-3-African%20Harmo.
  3. Altbach, P.G., 2001, Higher Education and WTO: Globalization Run Amok, International Higher Education: Reflections on Policy and Practice, Chestnut Hill: Center for International Higher Education, Boston College.,
  4. Altbach, P.G., 2002, Knowledge and Education as International Commodities: The Collapse of the Common Good, International Higher Education, No. 28, Summer, pp,2–5.
  5. Altbach, P.G., 2007, The Imperial Tongue: English as the Dominating Academic Language, International Higher Education, No. 49, Fall, pp. 1–4.
  6. Arusha Convention, 1981, Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Certificates, Diplomas, Degrees and Other Academic Qualifications in Higher Education in Africa States. Arusha, December, 1981.
  7. Available at: Bergen Communiqué, 2005, The European Higher Education Area – Achieving the Goals, Communiqué of the Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education, Bergen, 19–20 May.
  8. Available at: http://www.bologna-bergen2005.no. Berlin Communiqué, 2003, Realizing the European Higher Education Area, Communiqué of the Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education in Berlin on 19 September 2003. Available at: http://www.bolognaberlin2003.de/en.mian_documents/index-htm.
  9. Bloom, D., Canning, D. and Chan, K., 2006a, Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa.
  10. World Bank: African Region: Human Development Sector . Bloom, D., Canning, D. and Chan, K., 2006b, Higher Education and Poverty in Sub- Saharan Africa. International Higher Education, No. 45, Fall, pp. 6–7.
  11. Bologna Declaration, 1999, The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999,, Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education (European Higher Education Area).
  12. Available at: http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/bologna_declaration.pdf.Butcher, N., 2007a, available at: http://www.aau.org/elists/listinfo/au-harmon-aau-qa via The AU-Harmon-AAU-QA Archives.
  13. Butcher, N., 2007b, available at: http://www.aau.org/elists/listinfo/au-harmon-aau-qa via The AU-Harmon-AAU-QA Archives.
  14. Clark, N. 2005, A Practical Guide to Bologna Tools and Instruments, World Education News & Reviews (WENR), Vol. 18, No. 1, January/February. Available at: http://www.wes.org/ewenr/05jan/practical.htm
  15. Commonwealth of Learning, 2008, Arusha Convention on Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education in Africa. Available at: http://www.col.org/ colweb/site/pid/3154 [accessed 4 March 2008].
  16. Department for International Development (DfID), 2000, Eliminating World Poverty: Making Globalization Work for the Poor, White Paper on International Develop- ment. London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Pub/files/ whitepaper2000.pdf
  17. Director General for Education and Culture, 2007, Interim Evaluation of Erasmus Mundus: Final Report. LLP: Centre for Strategy and Evaluation Services.
  18. EUROPA, 2007a, Welcome to Erasmus Mundus. European Commission: Education and Training. Available at: http://ec.eropa.eu/education/programmes/mundus.
  19. EUROPA, 2007b, The Bologna Process: Towards the European Higher Education Area. European Commission: Education and Training. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/educ/bologna_/bologna_en.html.
  20. European Unit (2001) Prague 2001. Available at: http://www.europeunit.ac.uk/bologna_process/prague_2001.cfm.
  21. Lisbon Recognition Convention, 1997, Convention on the Recognition of Qualification concerning Higher Education in the European Region. Lisbon 11.IV: Council of Europe, European Treaty Series (ETS), No. 165. Available at: http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/Lisbon_Convention.pdf.
  22. London Communiqué, 2007, Towards the European Higher Education: Responding to Challenges in a Globalised World, 18 May. Available at: http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/londonbologna/uploads/documents/LondonCommuniquefinalwithLondonlogo.pdf.
  23. Kurth, J. (2001) Globalization: Political Aspects, in Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, P.B., eds, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences, Vol. 9. New York: Elsevier.
  24. Magna Charta Observatory, 2008, Magna Charta Universitatum: Text of the Bologna Declaration in 1986. Available at: http://www.magna-charta.org.
  25. Martinez, E. and Garcia, A., 2000, What is Neo-Liberalism? San Francisco: Global Exchange.
  26. Mauro, P. and Ostry, J.D., 2007, Who’s Driving Financial Globalization?, IMF Survey Magazine, pp.
  27. –2. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/NUM0816A.htm [accessed on 22.September 2007].
  28. Mohamedbhai, G., 2007a, Discussion on AU-Harmon-AAU-QA: Conference – The African Universities’ Adaptation to the Bologna Process. Available at: http:// www.aau.org/elists/listinfo/au-harmon-aau-qa via The AU-Harmon-AAU-QA Archives.
  29. Mohamedbhai, G., 2007b, Revision of the Arusha Convention for African States, paper presented at the 9th Regional Committee Meeting for Regional Asia Pacific Convention on Recognition of Studies, Diplomas, Degrees in Higher Education, Seoul, South Korea. Available at: http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/ user_upload/apeid/Apartnet/goolam-Revision_of_Arusha_Convention.pdf.
  30. Njenge, B.K., 2007, Welcome Message from the AUC. AU-Harmon-AUU-QA. Avail- able at: http://www.aau.org/pipermail/au-harmon-aau-qa/2007-July/000024.html [accessed on 14 February 2008].
  31. Obasi, I.N., 2007a, Bologna Process and African Universities (1), Higher Education Commentary, Daily Champion, Lagos, Wednesday, 26 September. Available at: http://www.championnewspapers.com/daily%20champion%20files/education/ article_3.h, or at: http://allafrica.com/stories/200709251156.html.
  32. Obasi, I.N., 2007b, Bologna Process and African Universities (2), Higher Education Commentary, Daily Champion, Lagos, Wednesday, 26 September. Available at: http://www.champion-newspapers.com/daily%20champion%20files/education/article_3.h Olutayo, A.O. (work in progress) From Brain Drain to Brain Gain: Is There a Need for Higher Education in Africa?
  33. Parsuramen, A., 2003, Speech delivered at the Opening Ceremony of the Conference of Rectors, Vice-Chancellors and Presidents of African Universities (COREVIP 2003), Mauritius, 17 – 21 March. Available at: http://www.aau.org/corevip/2003/papers/ parsuramen.htm.
  34. Prague Communiqué, 2001, Towards the European Higher Education Area, Communiqué of the Meeting of European Ministers in Charge of Higher Education, in Prague on 19 May 2001. Available at: http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/ en.mian_documents/index-htm.
  35. Santos, B. de Sousa (2001) Globalization: Legal Aspects, in Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, P.B., eds, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences, Vol. 9. New York: Elsevier.
  36. Sorbonne Declaration, 1998, Joint Declaration on Harmonization of the Architec- ture of the European Higher Education System. Available at: http:// www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/Sorbonne_declaration.pdf.
  37. Singh, M., 2001, Re-inserting the ‘Public Good’ into Higher Education Transformation, Kagisano, Council on Higher Education (Discussion Series), No. 1.
  38. Stiglitz, J.E., 2003, Globalization and its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton. Teferra, D., 2005, The Bologna Process: The Experience and Challenges for Africa, paper presented at the Third Conference on Knowledge and Politics, University of Bergen,18–20 May.
  39. UNESCO Bamako Cluster Office, 2008, Workshop Announcement on Capacity Building Workshop on Licence-Master-Doctorate (LMD) Reform. Available at: http://www.ICQAHEA.ORG.
  40. UNESCO Nairobi Communiqué, 2006, Communiqué of the International Conference on Accreditation, Quality Assurance and Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education in Africa, Nairobi, 6–8 February. Available at: http://www.aau.org/wghe/publications/UNESCO_Nairobi_Communique_(Englis h).pdf.
  41. WES Staff Members, 1999, Working with ECTS (European Credit Transfer System), World Education News & Reviews (WENR), Vol. 12, No. 1, January/February. Avail- able at: http://www.wes.org/ewenr/99jan/practical.htm.
  42. Williamson, J., 1990, What Washington Means by Policy Reform, in Willianson, J., ed., Latin America Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C.: Insti- tute for International Economics.
  43. Williamson, J., 2000, What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 251–264. World Trade Organization, 2001, Ministerial Declaration (Doha). Available at: http://www.wto.org.
Read More
Les biographies des auteurs des articles ne sont pas disponibles
Télécharger ce document PDF
PDF (ENGLISH)
Statistic
Read Counter : 1919 Download : 137