Articles · Vol. 20 No 2 (2016): Revue africaine de sociologie · Pages 40-60

A Review of Youth Violence Theories: Developing Interventions to Promote Sustainable Peace in Ilorin, Nigeria

Vol. 20 · 2016 N°2 Revue africaine de sociologie ASR

Résumé

Ilorin est situé dans le centre-nord du Nigeria avec une population estimée de plus de deux
millions de personnes. Depuis quelque temps, Ilorin a ete considere comme la capitale d’Etat
la plus “Paisible” dans la zone géopolitique du centre-nord; en raison de rares explosions de
violence et de criminalité. Cependant, dans un passé recent, l’Atmosphère paisible de la capitale
de l’Etat a été sérieusement menacée en raison de frequents éclats de violence chez les jeunes,
en particulier dans les quartiers socialement défavorisés (SDN). Par conséquent, la violence
chez les jeunes a attire l’attention des décideurs et des acteurs de la capitale, occupant ainsi un
espace dans les discours locaux. Dans ce document, nous entreprenons une revue des theories
de la violence pour comprendre l’étiologie de la Violence chez les jeunes à Ilorin en particulier et
au Nigeria dans son ensemble et les implications de ces Theories evaluees pour l’elaboration de
Stratégies et de cadres politiques pour promouvoir une paix durable.

Mots-clés

Violence chez les jeunes Privation relative Désorganisation sociale Fenêtre Cassée Ilorin

Statistiques

Consultations du résumé
1 545
Téléchargements
91

Citations

0 citations

Google Scholar

Citations recensées par OpenAlex, base ouverte de la littérature scientifique, mise à jour chaque semaine. Google Scholar peut en compter davantage.

Notices biographiques

  • Ali Arazeem Abdullahi

    School of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of
    KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa and Department of Sociology,
    University of Ilorin, Nigeria

  • Mariam Seedat-Khan

    I am one of only twenty-five certified clinical sociologists in the world and one of three women in the country accredited and certified by the Association for Applied and Clinical Sociology (AACS). As an academic, practitioner, researcher, teacher, facilitator and a vehement South African I work unswervingly to make the university and its classrooms a better place for all recipients of knowledge. Born in Durban, I emigrated to Canada in the 1980’s and completed high school at Thornlea High in Toronto, I thereafter enrolled at the prestigious York University where I successfully graduated with a degree in Sociology and Political Science. Returning to South Africa following the release of Nelson Mandela, I enrolled for a postgraduate degree at the former University of Natal under the guidance of Mr Geoff Waters and Professor Ari Sitas. Whilst completing my master’s Degree, Professor Fatima Meer from the Institute for Black Research (IBR) played an important role in my mentorship, she began involving me in several of her projects with women in a diverse range of communities at the time. This gave me an exceptional platform to launch my career in Clinical Sociology. I began engaging in research within indigent groups of people, these included street children and women squatters. While waiting for the results of my master’s dissertation, Professor Ari Sitas (Supervisor) encouraged me to take up a six-month contract position in academic development at the University of Witwatersrand. I secured the position and worked closely with Professors Bozzoli and Buhlungu. In 1995, I was head hunted to lead city of Durban Street Children’s Forum. Included in my role at the forum I was tasked with coordinated the first full provincial census of homeless people in the KwaZulu Natal, this formed part of a National census in 1996. Following a successful period at the forum, I was appointed as the Programme Director: Gender and Advocacy at the Institute for Multi-Party Democracy under the leadership of Professor Oscar Dhlomo. During the end of the 1990’s, I sought to leave the political space to explore opportunities in the field on clinical sociology. I accepted an opportunity to become the new Deputy Director at the Centre for Educational and Enterprise Development (CEED). This new role in the field of education and training inspired me to register for her PhD. In 2001, I joined the University of Durban Westville’s Political Science Department under the leadership of Professor Adam Habib. I soon graduated with a doctoral degree from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2006. My research focused on the socialization process of the African girl child post 1994 and my dissertation lead to my first book which is today, widely used as a point of reference by academics, researchers and students both locally and globally. Following a move from Durban to Johannesburg in 2006, I joined the University of Witwatersrand as a contract Lecturer in the Sociology department under the leadership of Professor Buhlungu. Within six months of joining WITS, I along with Professor Buhlungu were offered permanent positions at the University of Johannesburg. This move allowed me to flourish under the guidance of the country’s leading Clinical Sociologist professor Uys. Under her mentorship, I became actively involved in the field of Clinical Sociology, playing an active role both locally and internationally. I am frequently used as an expert in gender, curriculum evaluation, examining, parenting, educational development and human behaviour in the regional and national media. Having presented papers at conferences in South Africa and abroad, I attracted the attention of a leading global sociology scholar Professor Joan Ferrante and publishers Cengage. Alongside Dr Rene Smith (DUT) and Dr Zanetta Jansen (UNISA) we released a pioneering publication. The first of its kind, a uniquely South African textbook, “Sociology: A South African Perspective” was released in December 2016 and it has received national acclaim and support throughout the sociological academic community. A media quote, ‘The book includes the outstanding work of historically marginalized and emerging scholars. This pioneering publication includes contributions from several South African universities - including UKZN, DUT, UNISA, Witwatersrand, UJ, and UFH - making it one of the most inclusive texts, representative of sociologists from all corners of South Africa. Some of the authors are first time contributors while the majority are black women.”

  • Saheed Olanrewaju Abdulrahman

    Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria

Références

  1. Abdullahi, A. A. & Issah, M. 2016. Theorizing youth violence in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Nigeria. Perspective on Global Development and Technology, 15: 363-390.
  2. Aderamo, J. A. 1990. Road development and urban expansion: The case of Ilorin. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Ilorin.
  3. Adinoyi, S. 2009. 26 armed mercenaries arrested in Jos. Thisday Newspaper. Retrieved January 12, 2015 from www.google.com.
  4. Agere, I. A., Nasir, A.A., Yakub, S., Abdur-Rahman, O.L., Ofoegbu, C.K.P. & Solagberu, A. B. 2012. Violent injury in Ilorin. Inj Prev, 18:A141.
  5. Ahmed, Y. A. 2009. Settlements pattern and functional distribution in an emerging communities: A case of a local government area of Kwara State, Nigeria: The Social Sciences, 4(3): 256-263.
  6. Akpan, P. L. Onwuka, E. M. & Onyeizugbe, C. 2012. Terrorist activities and economic development in Nigeria: an early warning signal. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(4): 69-77.
  7. Alanamu, S. A. 2005. Youth and urban violence in Nigeria: a reflection on the contemporary Ilorin township. In S. A. Alanamu (ed.), Issues in Political Violence in Nigeria. Ilorin: Hamson Printing Communication.
  8. Atoyebi,G.O. & Ijaiya, G. T. 2005. Environmental degradation and incidence of poverty among urban women in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Balogun, M. 2009. The Jos palaver: time to know the cause, six weeks after, tussle over jurisdiction. News in Africa, 5(8), 20-21.
  9. Bandura, A. 1973. Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ;. Prentice Hall Baugher, E. & Lamison-White, L. 1996. Poverty in the United States: 1995. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Pp.60-194.
  10. Bratton, W., & Kelling, G. 2006. There are no cracks in the broken windows. National Review Online.
  11. Retrieved January 17, 2007, fromhttp://www.nationalreview.com/comment/bratton_kelling200602281015.asp
  12. Bursik, R. J. 1998. Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: problems and prospects. Criminology, 26, 519-551.
  13. Bursik, R. J. & Grasmick, H.G. 1993. Neighborhoods and crime: the dimensions of effective community control . New York: Lexington Books.
  14. Chen, X. 2015. Status concern and relative deprivation in China: measures, empirical evidence, and economic and policy implications. Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Discussion Paper No. 9519 November 2015. Accessed from http://ftp.iza.org/dp9519.pdf on the 16th of July, 2016.
  15. Crosby, F. 1976. A model of egoistic relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2),85−113.
  16. Danmole, H. O. 2012. Religion, politics and the economy in nineteenth century Ilorin: some reflections. A paper presented at the 1st Lecture Series of the Centre for Ilorin Studies, University of Ilorin, Wednesday, 12th December.
  17. DCAF Horizon, 2015. Armed non-state actors: current trends and future challenges.
  18. Working Paper No. 5.
  19. Davis J. A. 1959. A formal interpretation of the theory of relative deprivation. Sociometry, 22 (4): 280-296.
  20. Doran, B.J. & Lees, B.G. 2005. Investigating the spatiotemporal links between disorder,crime, and the fear of crime. The Professional Geographer, 57(1): 1-12.
  21. Eamon, M. K. 2001. Poverty, parenting, peer, and neighbourhood influences on young adolescent antisocial behavior. Journal of Social Service Research, 28(1), 1−23.
  22. Ekpenyong, S.N. 2012. Drug abuse in Nigerian schools: a study of selected secondary institutions in Bayelsa State, South-South, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education,5(3): 260-268.
  23. Ellis, L. 2005. Theory explaining the biological correlates of criminality. European Journal of Criminology, 2(3), 287−314.
  24. Englander, E. 2007. Understanding violence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.rd O.ed.) Ewetan O. & Urhie, E. 2014. Insecurity and socio-economic development in Nigeria.
  25. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5(1):40-63.
  26. Eya, W. 2009. Jos killings: Much ado about probe panels. Daily Sun. Retrieved Feb 12, 2015 from http://www.sunnewsonline.com.
  27. Fagbemi, A. 2015. Police confirms two deaths after mayhem in Ilorin. http://guardian.
  28. ng/news/police-confirms-two-deaths-after-mayhem-in-ilorin/25 April 2015 11:37 pm
  29. Gault, M. & Silver, E. 2008. Spuriousness or mediation? broken windows according to Sampson and Raudenbush (1999). Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 240-243.
  30. Gurr, T. R. (1970).Why men rebel? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  31. Hong T. & Farley T. A. 2008. Urban residents’ priorities for neighborhood features: a survey of New Orleans residents after Hurricane Katrina. Am J Prev Med, 34: 353– 356.
  32. Honwana, A. & Filip D. (eds.). 2005. Makers and breakers: children and youth in postcolonial Africa. Oxford: James Currey; Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press; Dakar: Codesria Human Rights Watch. 2012. Criminal politics, violence, “godfathers”, and corruption in Nigeria.
  33. Human Rights Watch Report, 19 (16A).
  34. Ijaiya, G.T. & Raji, A. B. 2005. Demand for modern health care services and the incidence of poverty in Nigeria: A case study of Ilorin metropolis. French Institute for Research in Africa(IFRA)Special Research Issue. Vol.1:Pp.113-129.
  35. Ikuomola, A. D., Okunola, R.A. & Heap, S. 2009. Historical analysis of touts as a deviant subgroup in Lagos State -Nigeria. African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2(2): 49-62.
  36. Jimoh, L.A.K. 1994. Ilorin: the journey so far. Ilorin: Atoto Press LTD.
  37. Kelling, G. L. & Coles, C. 1996. Fixing broken windows: restoring order and reducing crime in American cities. New York, NY: Free Press Kornhauser, R. 1978. Social sources of delinquency: an appraisal of analytic models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  38. Kubrin, C. E., & Weitzer, R. 2003. New directions in social disorganization theory.
  39. .Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 374-402.
  40. Land, K. C., McCall, P. L. & Cohen, L. E. 1990. Structural covariates of homicide rates: are there any invariance across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology, 95(4): 922-963.
  41. Lea, J. & Young, J. 1984. What is to be done about law and order? Harmondsworth: Penguin. London Evening Standard.
  42. Lombroso, C. 1876. The Criminal man. Turin: Bocca. Roots Review • 21 Volume 5: Literature Reviews.
  43. Lowenkamp, C. T., Cullen, F. T. & Pratt, T. C. 2003. Replicating Sampson and Groves’s test of social disorganization theory: revisiting a criminological classic. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 351-373.
  44. Merton, R.K. 1956. Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press Moser, C.O.N. & Mcilwaine, C. 2006. Latin American urban violence as a development concern: towards a framework for violence reduction. World Development, 34(1): 89-112.
  45. Muhammad, A.Y. 2005. Youth and urban violence in Nigeria: a reflection on the contemporary Ilorin township. In: S.A. Alanamu (ed.), Issues in Political Violence in Nigeria. Ilorin: Hamson Printing Communication.
  46. National Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Labour Force Statistics. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng
  47. Odumosu, O. 1999. Social costs of poverty: The case of crime in Nigeria. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 14(2): 71-85.
  48. Park, R.E. & Burgess, E.W. 1924. The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Paulsen, D., & Robinson, M. 2004. Spatial aspects of crime: theory and practice. Boston: Pearson.
  49. Raheem, A. 2003. The kingmaker at 70. National Pilot, 1(35), May 19th -23rd Rubington, E., & Weinberg, M. S. 2010. The study of social problems: seven perspectives.
  50. New York: Oxford University Press. 7th ed. Runciman, W. G. 1966. Relative deprivation and social justice: a study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  51. Saka, L. 2010. Agent of destruction or development: youth and the politics of violence in Kwara State, Nigeria. In Wakili, H. Mohammed, H. Aluaigba, M. T. & Ahmed, M. (eds.). The Nigerian youth: political participation and national development. Kano: Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training. Pp. 361-378.
  52. Sambanis, N., 2004. What is a civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(4): 814 – 858
  53. Shaw, C. R. & McKay, H.D. 1942. Juvenile delinquency and urban Area: a study of rates of delinquents in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities.
  54. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  55. Sherman, L. W. & Eck, J. E. 2002. Policing for crime prevention. In Sherman, L. W. Farrington, D.P. Welsh, B. C. & Mackenzie, D. L. (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention (Revised Ed.). New York:Routledge. pp. 295–329.
  56. Siegel, L. J. 2005. Criminology: The core. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2nd ed. Siegel, L.J. & McCormick, C. 2006. Criminology in Canada: theories, patterns, and typologies.
  57. Toronto: Thompson. 3rd ed.Skocpol, T. 1994. Social revolutions in the modern world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press Skogan, W.G. 2005. Citizen satisfaction with police encounters. Police Quarterly, 8(3),298−321.
  58. W. G. 19 Skogan, 90. Disorder and decline: crime and the spiral of decay in American neighbourhoods. New York: Free Press.
  59. Smith, D. A. & Jarjoura, G. R. 1988. Social structure and criminal victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25(1):27–52.
  60. Stark, R. 1987. Deviant paces: a theory of the ecology of crime. Criminology, 25: 893-909. Tarrow, S. 1998. Power in movement: social movements and contentious politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed.
  61. Thomas, W.I., & Znaniecki, F. 1918. The Polish peasant in Europe and America: Disorganization and Reorganization in Poland. Volume IV. Boston: Gorham Press.
  62. Tijjani, H. (2013). Political violence and youth gangs in Bauchi State, Nigeria. JORIND 11(2) December. Accessed from www.transcampus.org/journals; www.ajol. info/journals/jorind Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  63. Tunde E. 2015. Police arrest 8 for post-election violence in Ilorin. Available on http://www.premiumtimesng.com accessed on 23/5/2015
  64. UN-Habitat 2008. Crime and violence versus employment opportunities in cities and towns. 2nd African Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development. Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved from www.unhabitat.org
  65. US Commission on International Religious Freedom 2008. Annual Report 2008 http://www.uscirf.gov/images/AR2008/nigeria.pdf (Accessed 18 April 2015)
  66. USAID 2005. Conflict management and mitigation in Nigeria. Retrieved March 16, 2015 from http://www.devex.com/projects/conflict-management-and-mitigation.
  67. Wilson, J. Q. & Kelling, G. 1982. Broken windows, the police and neighborhood safety.
  68. The Atlantic Monthly, 249 (3): 29-38.
  69. Xu, Y., Fiedler, M. L., & Flaming, K. H. 2005. Discovering the impact of community policing: the broken windows thesis, collective efficacy and citizens’ judgment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 147-186.
  70. Zimbardo, P.G. 2004. A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil: understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators. In Miller, A.G. (ed.), they of good and evil. New York. Guilford Press. pp. 21-50.

Dans le même numéro

Vol. 20 No 2 (2016): Revue africaine de sociologie →

Articles les plus lus des mêmes auteur/ices