4 - Hegemony, Ideology and Political Journalism in Democratic Malawi’s Broadcasting Media
Corresponding Author(s) : Linje Manyozo
Revue africaine des médias,
Vol. 12 No 2 (2004): Revue africaine des médias, Volume 12, n° 2, 2004
Résumé
Au cours des trois premières décennies après que le pays se soit affranchi de la tutelle britannique, en 1964, le Malawi était soumis à une dictature politique, sous le règne du Président Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda et de son Parti malawite du congrès (MCP). Le Malawi a adopté une constitution multipartite en 1993, grâce à un référendum national. Bakili Muluzi et son Front démocratique uni (UDF) ont remporté les élections générales de 1994 et ont par la suite formé un gouvernement. L’UDF a également remporté les élections de 1999 et de 2004. Dans une démocratie multipartite, le droit à la liberté d’expression devrait, de façon idéale, permettre aux journalistes de produire des informations bien fiables
et impartiales sur des sujets affectant les populations défavorisées, dont la majorité vit dans une pauvreté abjecte. Les efforts des médias, visant à fournir des informations exactes et objectives n’ont fait qu’intensifier les tensions avec le Politburo au pouvoir. Cette communication est basée sur le cas réel de quatre journalistes qui ont été renvoyés de la radiodiffusion publique nationale, la Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) Radio, et s’inspire des concepts gramsciens de l’idéologie et de l’hégémonie, pour critiquer la pratique du journalisme politique au sein des médias radiotélévisés du Malawi. Cet article cherche à étudier la manière dont les régimes politiques oppressifs étouffent la liberté de la presse, ainsi que les conséquences d’une telle situation, notamment l’émergence d’une culture populaire, comme forme médiatique alternative.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Adorno, T., 1994, ‘On Popular Music’. In John Storey (ed) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf. 202-214.
- Althusser, L., 1971, For Marx, London: Allan Lane.
- Article 19., 2000, At the Crossroads: Freedom of Expression in Malawi. Summary of the Final Report
- of the 1999 Malawi Election Media Monitoring Project. Available at http://www.article19.org/publications. (viewed 1 December 2004). Black, E., 1982, Politics and the News: The Political Functions of the Mass Media. Toronto, Butterworths Chimbuto, J., 2003, ‘Commission says Dismissal of MBC Workers was Normal.’ The Daily Times, January 8:3.
- Chipangula, E. and Kachipeya, S., 2004, ‘Apology and Protest’. Personal Emails to Author, 10
- November.
- Chirwa, F., 2003, ‘Broadcast Media and Elections’. Interview with former Electoral Commission Chair for the Media and Public Relations Task Force,. Salima, June 4.
- Fiske, J., 1989, Reading the Popular, Boston, Unwin Hyman.
- Gramsci, A., 1974, Soviets in Italy. Nottingham, Institute for Workers’ Control. Gramsi, A., 1971, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Q.Hoare, and G. Smith (eds) London, Lawrence and Winshart.
- Hall, S., 1994, ‘Notes on Deconstructing the ‘Popular’. In John Storey (ed) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. New York, Harvester and Wheatsheaf. 455-466.
- Hall, S, Lumley B. and MacLennan, G., 1977, ‘Politics and Ideology: Gramsci’. In Centre for Contemporary Studies (CCCS) (eds) Working Papers in Cultural Studies: On ideology. Birmingham, CCCS. 45-76.
- Jodal, M., 2004, ‘Malawi: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2004’. Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. (Available at viewed www.humanrights.uio.no/forskning/publ/nr/2004/10.pdf. (viewed 1 December 2004).
- Lenin, V., 1962, What is to be Done? Middlesex, Penguin Books.
- Malawi 1998a, ‘Communications Act, Number 41 of 1998’, Gazette Extraordinary, Zomba, Government Print.
- Malawi 1994, ‘The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi’, Zomba, Government Print.
- Malawi 2004, ‘The Ombudsman’s Determination on the Inquiry in the Complaint of Mr. Geoffrey Msampha and Others Against MBC Unpublished Report, Blantyre, Office the Ombudsman.
- Malawi 1998b, ‘Vision 2020 Policy’, Unpublished Policy Document. Lilongwe, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
- Malawi 1998b, ‘Vision 2020 Policy’, Unpublished Policy Document. Lilongwe, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
- Manyozo, 2003. Malawian Media and General Elections. Paper Presented at an International conference on Media Empowerment for Balanced Coverage of the 2004 Tripartite Elections, 2-3 September 2003, Mount Soche Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Matiya, C, 2003, Politics and Broadcast Journalism. Former Producer and News Editor, Television Malawi. Email, March 8.
- Mijoga, H., 1996, ‘The Lenten Pastoral Letter: A First Public Declaration of the Hidden Transcript’, Journal of Humanities. 10-11: 55-67.
- Mochaba, K., Raffinetti, C., Vallabh, S. and White, J., 2003. SADC Media Law, Handbook for Media Practitioners: A Comparative Overview of the Laws and Practice in Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Johannesburg, Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung.
- Mouffe, C., 1979, ‘Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci’, In C. Mouffe (ed.) Gramsci and Marxist Theory, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. 168-204. Msampha, G., 2004, ‘Political Journalism at the Public Service Broadcaster’, Interview, Blantyre, March, 13. Assistant Controller of Programmes, MBC. Osman, A., 2003, ‘Media Freedom and Democracy in Malawi’, Interview, Blantyre, June 5. Station Manager of 102.5 Capital FM Radio.
- Radio Islam Broadcaster One (2004), ‘Political Journalism at Radio Islam’. Interview, Blantyre, March 11.
- Radio Islam Broadcaster Two, 2004, ‘Radio Islam and Political Journalism in Malawi’. Unpublished Interview, Blantyre, March 11.
- Rakner, L., Bakken, M., Svasand, L. and Tostensen, A., 2004, ‘Do You Have Anything to Add? An Eyewitness Account from the Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Malawi on 20 May 2004’. Available at www.cmi.no/research/Malawielectionseyewitness.pdf. (viewed 1 December 2004). Senior MBC Broadcaster, 2003, ‘Media Freedom, Restructuring and Democracy’. Unpublished Interview, Blantyre, June 5.
- Storey, J., 2003, Inventing Popular Culture. Melbourne, Blackwell Publishing. Tomaselli, K., Tomaselli, R. and Muller, J., 1987, Narrating the Crisis: Hegemony and the South African Press.
- Johannesburg, Richard Lyon.
- UNDP, 2003, Human Development Index. New York: Oxford University Press and United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
Les références
Adorno, T., 1994, ‘On Popular Music’. In John Storey (ed) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf. 202-214.
Althusser, L., 1971, For Marx, London: Allan Lane.
Article 19., 2000, At the Crossroads: Freedom of Expression in Malawi. Summary of the Final Report
of the 1999 Malawi Election Media Monitoring Project. Available at http://www.article19.org/publications. (viewed 1 December 2004). Black, E., 1982, Politics and the News: The Political Functions of the Mass Media. Toronto, Butterworths Chimbuto, J., 2003, ‘Commission says Dismissal of MBC Workers was Normal.’ The Daily Times, January 8:3.
Chipangula, E. and Kachipeya, S., 2004, ‘Apology and Protest’. Personal Emails to Author, 10
November.
Chirwa, F., 2003, ‘Broadcast Media and Elections’. Interview with former Electoral Commission Chair for the Media and Public Relations Task Force,. Salima, June 4.
Fiske, J., 1989, Reading the Popular, Boston, Unwin Hyman.
Gramsci, A., 1974, Soviets in Italy. Nottingham, Institute for Workers’ Control. Gramsi, A., 1971, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Q.Hoare, and G. Smith (eds) London, Lawrence and Winshart.
Hall, S., 1994, ‘Notes on Deconstructing the ‘Popular’. In John Storey (ed) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. New York, Harvester and Wheatsheaf. 455-466.
Hall, S, Lumley B. and MacLennan, G., 1977, ‘Politics and Ideology: Gramsci’. In Centre for Contemporary Studies (CCCS) (eds) Working Papers in Cultural Studies: On ideology. Birmingham, CCCS. 45-76.
Jodal, M., 2004, ‘Malawi: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2004’. Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. (Available at viewed www.humanrights.uio.no/forskning/publ/nr/2004/10.pdf. (viewed 1 December 2004).
Lenin, V., 1962, What is to be Done? Middlesex, Penguin Books.
Malawi 1998a, ‘Communications Act, Number 41 of 1998’, Gazette Extraordinary, Zomba, Government Print.
Malawi 1994, ‘The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi’, Zomba, Government Print.
Malawi 2004, ‘The Ombudsman’s Determination on the Inquiry in the Complaint of Mr. Geoffrey Msampha and Others Against MBC Unpublished Report, Blantyre, Office the Ombudsman.
Malawi 1998b, ‘Vision 2020 Policy’, Unpublished Policy Document. Lilongwe, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
Malawi 1998b, ‘Vision 2020 Policy’, Unpublished Policy Document. Lilongwe, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
Manyozo, 2003. Malawian Media and General Elections. Paper Presented at an International conference on Media Empowerment for Balanced Coverage of the 2004 Tripartite Elections, 2-3 September 2003, Mount Soche Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi.
Matiya, C, 2003, Politics and Broadcast Journalism. Former Producer and News Editor, Television Malawi. Email, March 8.
Mijoga, H., 1996, ‘The Lenten Pastoral Letter: A First Public Declaration of the Hidden Transcript’, Journal of Humanities. 10-11: 55-67.
Mochaba, K., Raffinetti, C., Vallabh, S. and White, J., 2003. SADC Media Law, Handbook for Media Practitioners: A Comparative Overview of the Laws and Practice in Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Johannesburg, Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung.
Mouffe, C., 1979, ‘Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci’, In C. Mouffe (ed.) Gramsci and Marxist Theory, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. 168-204. Msampha, G., 2004, ‘Political Journalism at the Public Service Broadcaster’, Interview, Blantyre, March, 13. Assistant Controller of Programmes, MBC. Osman, A., 2003, ‘Media Freedom and Democracy in Malawi’, Interview, Blantyre, June 5. Station Manager of 102.5 Capital FM Radio.
Radio Islam Broadcaster One (2004), ‘Political Journalism at Radio Islam’. Interview, Blantyre, March 11.
Radio Islam Broadcaster Two, 2004, ‘Radio Islam and Political Journalism in Malawi’. Unpublished Interview, Blantyre, March 11.
Rakner, L., Bakken, M., Svasand, L. and Tostensen, A., 2004, ‘Do You Have Anything to Add? An Eyewitness Account from the Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Malawi on 20 May 2004’. Available at www.cmi.no/research/Malawielectionseyewitness.pdf. (viewed 1 December 2004). Senior MBC Broadcaster, 2003, ‘Media Freedom, Restructuring and Democracy’. Unpublished Interview, Blantyre, June 5.
Storey, J., 2003, Inventing Popular Culture. Melbourne, Blackwell Publishing. Tomaselli, K., Tomaselli, R. and Muller, J., 1987, Narrating the Crisis: Hegemony and the South African Press.
Johannesburg, Richard Lyon.
UNDP, 2003, Human Development Index. New York: Oxford University Press and United Nations Development Program (UNDP).