7 - Are Ghanaian Diaspora Middle Class? Linking Middle Class to Political Participation and Stability in Ghana
Corresponding Author(s) : Jamilla Hamidu
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 40 No 1 (2015): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la migration
Résumé
À l’instar de nombreux pays de la sous-région ouest-africaine, le Ghana a connu de multiples coups d’Etat après son indépendance dans les années 1960, 1970 et 1980 le rendant de facto politiquement instable. Cependant, depuis le retour à l’ordre constitutionnel en 1992, le Ghana est considéré comme l’un des pays les plus stables de la sous-région et un modèle de démocratie pour d’autres pays en proie à des conflits ouverts. Cette stabilité a été attribuée à la qualité socioprofessionnelle de la classe moyenne ghanéenne en provenance de la diaspora. L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger le rôle potentiel de cette diaspora dans l’émergence d’une classe moyenne et dans le maintien du processus démocratique et de la stabilité politique au Ghana. Ainsi, nous tenterons, tout d’abord, d’apprécier comment se constitue la classe moyenne au Ghana. Ensuite, nous nous intéresserons à son mode d’organisation dans la vie politique. Enfin, nous analyserons l’influence de cette élite dans le renforcement de la démocratie et de la stabilité politique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- African Development Bank, 2011, The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa, Market Brief, April, www.afdb.org
- African Development Bank, Repulic of Ghana Country Strategy Paper 2012- 2016.
- Akeampong, E., 2000, “Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africa”, African Affairs, Vol. 99, n° 395, Centenary Issue: A Hundred Years of Africa, pp. 183-215.
- Anarfi, J., Quartey, P., and Agyei, J., 2010, Key Determinants of Migration among Health Professionals in Ghana, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research and Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana report for Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, pp. 10-15.
- Arthur, J., ed. 2008, The African diaspora in the United State and Europe: The Ghanaian case study, Ashegate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, pp. 27-49.
- Austin, D. 1970, “Return to Ghana,” African Affairs, Vol. 69, n° 274, pp. 67-71. Baker, P.H., 1988, “The Myth of Middle Class Moderation: African Lessons for South Africa”, Issue, Vol.16, n° 2. pp. 22-30.
- Balandier, G., 1965, « Problématique des classes sociales en Afrique noire », Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, n° 38, pp. 131-142.
- Banerjee, A and Duflo, E., 2008, “What is Middle Class about the Middle Classes around the World?” , Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), pp.45-60.
- Bibby, J., 1973, “The Social Base of Ghanaian Education: Is It Still Broadening”? British Journal of Sociology, n° 24, pp. 365- 374.
- Binet, J., 1961, « Naissance de classes sociales en Afrique noire », Revue de l’Action populaire, n° 151, pp. 956-964.
- Boadu, K. 2002 “Social Class and Health Status in Ghana”, Current Sociology, n° 50 (4), pp. 531-553.
- Bourdieu, P., 1984, « Espace social et genèse des classes », Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, n° 52/53, pp. 52-53. Chen,S.andRavallion,M.,2004,“HowHavetheWorld’sPoorestFaredsincethe Early 1980s?” World Bank Res. Obs., n° 19, pp. 141-169.
- Clignet, R. and Foster, P., 1964, Potential elites in Ghana and Ivory Coast a Preliminary
- Comparison, American Journal of Sociology, n° 70 (3), pp. 349-36. Darbon,D.andToulabor,C.,2013, WhatMiddleClass(es)inAfrica?ALiteratureReview, Agence Française de Développement,Working paper 118, Strategy Directorate Research Department.
- Dijohn, J. and Putzel, J., 2009, Political Settlements, GSDRC Emerging Issues Research Service, 15 p.
- Diop, M., ed. 1985, Histoire des classes sociales dans l’Afrique de l’Ouest, L’Harmattan, Paris, pp. 112-120.
- Easterly, W., 2001, The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Growth, 6 (4), pp. 25-30.
- Foster, P., ed. 1965, Education and Social Change in Ghana. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp 13-21.
- Gyimah-Boadi, E. and Mensah K.A.A., 2003, “The Growth of Democracy in Ghana. Despite Economic Dissatisfaction: A Power Alternation Bonus”, Afrobarometer, n° 28, June. pp.5-15.
- Lentz,C.,2010, Hardwork,determinationandluck:biographicalnarrativesofaGhanaian elite, Ghana Studies 11. pp. 10-21.
- Lloyd, 1966, The Drums of Kumasi: The Story of the Ashanti Wars. London Longmans, pp. 30-51.
- Luckham, R, Gyimah-Boadi, E. Ahazie W. and Boateng, N., 2005, “Middle Class and their role in National Development”, CDD/ODI Policy Brief No. 3, November.
- Nugent, P., ed. 1995, Big Men, Small Boys and Politics in Ghana, New York Print, pp. 15-58.
- Quartey, P., ed. 2009, Migration Ghana: A Country Profile, International Organisation for Migration Press, Geneva, pp 35-50.
- Robinson, B. A., 2004, Optimistic Ghanaians Return Home and Make a Difference, Accra, unpublished msc, pp.10-25.
- Scudder, Colson, 1980, Secondary Education and the Formation of an Elite: The Impact of Education on Gwembe District, Zambia, Academic Press New York, pp. 50-75.
- Sheffer, G., ed. 2003, Diaspora Politics: Home and Abroad, Cambridge Univerity Press, New York, pp 141-167.
- Svanikier J.O., 2007, “Political Elite Circulation: Implications for Leadership Diversity and Democratic Regime Stability in Ghana”, Comparative Sociology, 6, pp. 114–135.
- Van Hear, N., ed 1998, New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal Comparative and Regrouping of Migrant, Communities, London, UCL Press, pp. 55-75.
- World Bank 2007, “Global Economic Prospects 2007: “Managing the Next Wave of Globalization”, World Bank, Washington, DC pp. 15-21.
Les références
African Development Bank, 2011, The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa, Market Brief, April, www.afdb.org
African Development Bank, Repulic of Ghana Country Strategy Paper 2012- 2016.
Akeampong, E., 2000, “Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africa”, African Affairs, Vol. 99, n° 395, Centenary Issue: A Hundred Years of Africa, pp. 183-215.
Anarfi, J., Quartey, P., and Agyei, J., 2010, Key Determinants of Migration among Health Professionals in Ghana, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research and Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana report for Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, pp. 10-15.
Arthur, J., ed. 2008, The African diaspora in the United State and Europe: The Ghanaian case study, Ashegate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, pp. 27-49.
Austin, D. 1970, “Return to Ghana,” African Affairs, Vol. 69, n° 274, pp. 67-71. Baker, P.H., 1988, “The Myth of Middle Class Moderation: African Lessons for South Africa”, Issue, Vol.16, n° 2. pp. 22-30.
Balandier, G., 1965, « Problématique des classes sociales en Afrique noire », Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, n° 38, pp. 131-142.
Banerjee, A and Duflo, E., 2008, “What is Middle Class about the Middle Classes around the World?” , Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), pp.45-60.
Bibby, J., 1973, “The Social Base of Ghanaian Education: Is It Still Broadening”? British Journal of Sociology, n° 24, pp. 365- 374.
Binet, J., 1961, « Naissance de classes sociales en Afrique noire », Revue de l’Action populaire, n° 151, pp. 956-964.
Boadu, K. 2002 “Social Class and Health Status in Ghana”, Current Sociology, n° 50 (4), pp. 531-553.
Bourdieu, P., 1984, « Espace social et genèse des classes », Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, n° 52/53, pp. 52-53. Chen,S.andRavallion,M.,2004,“HowHavetheWorld’sPoorestFaredsincethe Early 1980s?” World Bank Res. Obs., n° 19, pp. 141-169.
Clignet, R. and Foster, P., 1964, Potential elites in Ghana and Ivory Coast a Preliminary
Comparison, American Journal of Sociology, n° 70 (3), pp. 349-36. Darbon,D.andToulabor,C.,2013, WhatMiddleClass(es)inAfrica?ALiteratureReview, Agence Française de Développement,Working paper 118, Strategy Directorate Research Department.
Dijohn, J. and Putzel, J., 2009, Political Settlements, GSDRC Emerging Issues Research Service, 15 p.
Diop, M., ed. 1985, Histoire des classes sociales dans l’Afrique de l’Ouest, L’Harmattan, Paris, pp. 112-120.
Easterly, W., 2001, The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Growth, 6 (4), pp. 25-30.
Foster, P., ed. 1965, Education and Social Change in Ghana. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp 13-21.
Gyimah-Boadi, E. and Mensah K.A.A., 2003, “The Growth of Democracy in Ghana. Despite Economic Dissatisfaction: A Power Alternation Bonus”, Afrobarometer, n° 28, June. pp.5-15.
Lentz,C.,2010, Hardwork,determinationandluck:biographicalnarrativesofaGhanaian elite, Ghana Studies 11. pp. 10-21.
Lloyd, 1966, The Drums of Kumasi: The Story of the Ashanti Wars. London Longmans, pp. 30-51.
Luckham, R, Gyimah-Boadi, E. Ahazie W. and Boateng, N., 2005, “Middle Class and their role in National Development”, CDD/ODI Policy Brief No. 3, November.
Nugent, P., ed. 1995, Big Men, Small Boys and Politics in Ghana, New York Print, pp. 15-58.
Quartey, P., ed. 2009, Migration Ghana: A Country Profile, International Organisation for Migration Press, Geneva, pp 35-50.
Robinson, B. A., 2004, Optimistic Ghanaians Return Home and Make a Difference, Accra, unpublished msc, pp.10-25.
Scudder, Colson, 1980, Secondary Education and the Formation of an Elite: The Impact of Education on Gwembe District, Zambia, Academic Press New York, pp. 50-75.
Sheffer, G., ed. 2003, Diaspora Politics: Home and Abroad, Cambridge Univerity Press, New York, pp 141-167.
Svanikier J.O., 2007, “Political Elite Circulation: Implications for Leadership Diversity and Democratic Regime Stability in Ghana”, Comparative Sociology, 6, pp. 114–135.
Van Hear, N., ed 1998, New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal Comparative and Regrouping of Migrant, Communities, London, UCL Press, pp. 55-75.
World Bank 2007, “Global Economic Prospects 2007: “Managing the Next Wave of Globalization”, World Bank, Washington, DC pp. 15-21.