4 - The Role of NGOs in Canada and the USA in the Transformation of the Socio-Cultural Structures in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Anita Van Wyk
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 32 No 2 (2007): Afrique et développement
Résumé
L’objectif de l’étude est d’expliquer comment les Organisations non gouvernementales internationales (ONGI) canadiennes et américaines aident l’Occident à maintenir son hégémonie dans le processus de globalisation en cours, surtout en ce qui concerne l’Afrique. C’est un processus commence au niveau de la communauté locale avec les citoyens ordinaires de l’Amérique du Nord. Ces individus sont exposés à une « pornographie du développement » à travers une pléthore d’informations visuelles, écrites et audio par les biais des moyens de communication de masse et de la culture populaire. L’Afrique est par conséquent présentée comme étant un monde inférieur et primitif. Les Africains y sont également perçus comme étant des gens sans défense, malheureux, et en proie à une série interminable d’épidémies empruntant le court chemin de l’extinction. Les cultures africaines sont présentées comme arriérées, ataviques, enlisées dans leur passé primitif, et qui ont besoin d’une « modernisation » en provenance de l’Occident. Cette image de l’Afrique est utilisée pour la décrire de façon à pouvoir justifier le rôle des Organisations de la société civile (OSC), organisations caritatives, travailleurs humanitaires, hommes d’affaires, missionnaires et Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG), et leur intervention dans les crises humanitaires, en apparence inexorables, qui surviennent sur le continent africain. En revanche, les ONGI utilisent cet image comme moyen de « chantage compassionnel », tirant sur les cordes sensibles des Nord Américains en vue de les amener à faire généreusement des dons à divers projets en Afrique. Beaucoup d’argent, de matériels et de temps sont offerts par des citoyens ordinaires dans le but de refaire le supposé monde inférieur et traditionnel des Africains conformément aux visions de l’Occident. En contrepartie, ces donateurs sont récompensés de leurs contributions sous forme d’allègement fiscal, de reconnaissance pour services rendus à la communauté et de prix de fonds de développement. La plupart d’entre eux sont si motivés qu’ils deviennent des touristes de développement faisant le tour de l’Afrique et ramenant avec eux des images de « mendiants de pitié » dans le but de collecter des fonds et créer des emplois en faveur des ONG. Ces horribles images renforcent davantage les préjugés et autres idées fausses que les Occidentaux se font de l’Afrique. En agissant de la sorte, les OSC, particulièrement celles qui sont reconnues au Canada et aux États-Unis comme Organisations non gouvernementales internationales exportent à leur insu les valeurs nord-américaines et les imposent aux Africains. Ces dernières servent et maintiennent ainsi le statut quo global de l’hégémonie occidentale et de la dépendance africaine.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Bauman, Z., 1992, Intimations of Postmodernity, London: Routledge.
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- Global Policy Forum, 2006, Global Development Policies, Retrieved July 23, 2006 from http://www.globalpolicy.org.
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- Phillips, J., 2005, ‘His Dream Vanished’, New York: Wall Street Journal.
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- Quist-Adade, C., 2001, In the Shadows of the Kremlin and the White House: Africa’s Media Image from Communism to Post-Communism, University Press of America: Lanham.
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- MI. Ritzer, G., 2003, The Globalization of Nothing, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
- Robinson, W.I., 2005, ‘Gramsci and Globalisation: From Nation-State to Transnational Hegemony’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8, no. 4 :1-16.
- Ronning, H., 1998. An Unholy Alliance : The Relationship Between International Media and International Aid Organisations, Paper alla confereza su “Reporting Africa”, Centre for Journalism Studies, University of Cardiff (1998), Wales, 22-24 November.
- Sankore, R., 2006, ‘Not Enough Flies to Create the Right Effect’, New African. July, 36-37.
- Stockwell, J., 1984, In Search of Enemies: The CIA Story, New York: Norton Inc.
- The Economist, 2006, ‘The Aid Industry’, March 30.
- Van Wyk, A., 2006, ‘Unpublished anonymous interview’, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada.
- Wiarda, H., 1984, Ethnocentrism in Foreign Policy, Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
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Les références
Adjei, E., 2006, Ghana: NGOs Urged to Project Good Image in Society. Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from http://allafrica.com/stories/200609280553.html, Africa Events, 1998, 4. 2:54.
Ake, C., 1996, Democracy and Development in Africa, Washington DC: Brooking Institution.
American Institute of Philanthropy, 2006, Top Salaries, Retrieved on June 7, 2006, from www.charitywatch.org.
Amselle, Jean-Loup, 2002, ‘Africa’s Repulsive Charm in The Western Imagination’,Les Temps Modernes, 620-621, August-November.
Bauman, Z., 1992, Intimations of Postmodernity, London: Routledge.
Blanty, S., 2006, ‘The Silence Is Brutal’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/voices/2005/07-2005_niger.cfm.
Bob, C., 2005, The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bofelo, M., 2005, ‘Gramsci and Biko on Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony, and the Role of Intellectuals and Mass Participation’, Centre for Civil Engagement, Virginia: University of Richmond.
Boggs, C., 1976, Gramsci’s Marxism, London: Pluto Press.
Bond, P., Brutus, D and Setshedi, V., 2004, ‘Are Mainstream NGOs Failing Africa?’,ZMagazine.
Bradley, B., Jansen, P. and Silverman, L., 2003, ‘The Nonprofit Sector’s $100 Billion Opportunity’, Harvard Business Review, May, pp. 94-103.
Brooks, S., 2004, ‘Political Culture in Canada: Issues and Directions’, Canadian Politics, 4(1), 70-78.
Burke, B., 1999, ‘Antonio Gramsci and Informal Education’, The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Retrieved on July 26, 2006 from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-gram.htm
Cahill, D., 2000, ‘Neo-liberal Intellectuals as Organic Intellectuals’, Retrieved on September 23, 2006 from http://apsa2000.anu.edu.au/confpapers/cahill.rtf.
Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education (CASAE), 2005, National Conference On-Line Proceedings, University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario May 28 to May 31.
Coben, D., 1995, ‘Revisiting Gramsci’, Studies in the Education of Adults, Vol. 27, No. 1, April, pp. 36-51.
Collins, S., 2006, ‘Even the Sound of a Care Made People Run into the Bush’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/2006/04-14-2006.cfm
De ourny, I., 2006, Niger. We Want To Do More, Retreived on October 11, 2006
from http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/2006/09-26-2006_1.cfm.
Dyson, M., 2003, Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Elkington, J., 2006, ‘The 21st Century NGO: In the Market for Change’, Retrieved on July 26, 2006
from http://www.sustainability.com/insight/research-article.asp?id.
Faroohar, R., 2005,. Where the Money Is? New York: Global Policy Forum.
Ferguson, R., 1998, Representing Race – Ideology, Identity and the Media, Arnold: London. Ghana News Agency (GNA), 12 July, 2006: 1
Gidley, R., 2005, ‘Rivalry Among Aid Agencies Leads Some to Development Pornography’, Arizona Daily Star, 16 October.
Global Policy Forum, 2006, Global Development Policies, Retrieved July 23, 2006 from http://www.globalpolicy.org.
Gramsci, A., 1971, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Hawk, B. G., 1992, Africa’s Media Image, New York: Praeger.
Honore,Y. A. (2006). ‘A Viable undertaking’. African Society. Retrieved on October 1, 2006.
http://www.africansocieties.org/n4-eng/index_eng.htm
Jez, A., 2006, ‘NGOs: Achievers or deceivers?’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3502733.stm.
Johnstone, M. and McGann, J., 2006, ‘Power Shift and the NGOs Credibility Crisis’, Retrieved on July 25 from www.globaalpolicy.org/ngoscredib/2006/01shift.htm.
Kenyon, G., 2005, ‘Grand landscapes filled with fascinating walks, fearsome animals’, Vancouver Sun, October 22.
Keim, C., 1999, Mistaking Africa Curiosities and Inventions of the American Mind, Colorado: Westview Press.
Lappe, F. and Collins, J., 1998, The 12 Hunger Myths, New York: Grove Press.
Maclean ,W., 2005. Foreign NGOs Map New Route to African Legitimacy. New York: Global Policy Forum.
Maseko, E. K., 2006, ‘NGOs: Achievers or deceivers?’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3502733.stm.
Mayo, P., 1999, Gramsci, Freire and Adult Education: Possibilities for Transformative Action, New York: Zed Books.
Mezzana, D., 2006, ‘A Cancerous Image’, African Societies, Retrieved on July 26, 2006 from
http://www.africansocieties.org/n4/eng/Dossier.htm.
Moeller, S., 1998, Compassion Fatigue, New York: Routledge.
Muchie, M. and Xing, L., 2006, ‘The Crisis of Hegemony and Counter-hegemony under Transnational Capitalism’, Research Centre for Development and International Relations Institute for History, International and Social Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark.
Munene, H., 2005, ‘Why NGO Corruption in Africa is Unsettling’, The New Times,August 24.
Nduru, M., 2006, ‘Aid for the Poor, Not for the Consultants’, InterPress Service (IPS), July 5.
Nkrumah, K., 1973, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare, London: PANAF Books Ltd.
Obeng-Diawuoh, G., 2006, ‘NGOs: Achievers or deceivers?’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3502733.stm.
Petras, J. and Veltmayer, H., 2001, ‘NGOs in the service of imperialism’, Monthly Review, Vol. 49, 7.
Phillips, J., 2005, ‘His Dream Vanished’, New York: Wall Street Journal.
Power, G., 2006, ‘The 21st Century NGO: In the Market for Change’, Retrieved on July 26, 2006 from http://www.sustainability.com/insight/research-article.asp?id.
Qaal, O., 2006, ‘NGOs: Achievers or deceivers?’, Retrieved on October 11, 2006 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3502733.stm.
Quist-Adade, C., 2001, In the Shadows of the Kremlin and the White House: Africa’s Media Image from Communism to Post-Communism, University Press of America: Lanham.
Quist-Adade, C., 2005, ‘Media Pluralism or Pluralism in the Media?’, Unpublished: Mount Pleasant,
MI. Ritzer, G., 2003, The Globalization of Nothing, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
Robinson, W.I., 2005, ‘Gramsci and Globalisation: From Nation-State to Transnational Hegemony’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8, no. 4 :1-16.
Ronning, H., 1998. An Unholy Alliance : The Relationship Between International Media and International Aid Organisations, Paper alla confereza su “Reporting Africa”, Centre for Journalism Studies, University of Cardiff (1998), Wales, 22-24 November.
Sankore, R., 2006, ‘Not Enough Flies to Create the Right Effect’, New African. July, 36-37.
Stockwell, J., 1984, In Search of Enemies: The CIA Story, New York: Norton Inc.
The Economist, 2006, ‘The Aid Industry’, March 30.
Van Wyk, A., 2006, ‘Unpublished anonymous interview’, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada.
Wiarda, H., 1984, Ethnocentrism in Foreign Policy, Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Wikipedia, 2006, Globalization, Retrieved September 23, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization