2 - Community Development: A Cross-Examination of Theory and Practice Using Experiences in Rural Malawi
Corresponding Author(s) : Ignasio Malizani Jimu
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 33 No 2 (2008): Afrique et développement
Résumé
La philosophie du ‘développement local’ renvoie au concept de ‘localité’ et à celui de population. En substance, elle souligne le caractère indispensable des besoins locaux, des aspirations et de la mobilisation des ressources locales dans des domaines géographiquement et socialement bien définis. A l’aide d’une analyse critique de l’implication de la communauté dans les projets de développement, ce document remet en question les vertus des pratiques liées au développement local, mises en oeuvre au Malawi au cours des 40 dernières années. Tout en reconnaissant que le développement local ou la participation locale, tel que communément connu, serait idéal pour bon nombre d’activités de développement, ce document soutient que la participation des populations à des projets pareils ne constitue pas une formule magique pour le développement rural. Par exemple, la participation à des projets d’eau de pesanteur et de fonds d’action sociale permet de se rendre compte des possibilités d’atteindre les objectifs ou de relever les défis de développement local, au rang desquels figure l’inexistence de projets de développement totalement basés sur la communauté. A quelques exceptions près, aucune participation des populations à la mise en œuvre de projets n’est faite de façon bénévole. La vulnérabilité des populations par rapport à la pauvreté ainsi que l’absence de ressources au niveau communautaire font avorter tout effort véritable de développement de la communauté. C’est le même sort qui est réservé aux projets mis en oeuvre de façon coercitive.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Arnon, I., 1986, Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries: Resources, potentials and problems, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Barnes, B., 2001, ‘The macro/micro problems and the problem of structure and agency’, in Ritzer, G. and Smart, B. (eds), Handbook of Social Theory, London: Sage.
- Belakere, R. and Jayaramaiah, K.M., 1997, ‘Community development in drought- prone areas’, Community Development Journal, 32(2): 133–140.
- Bibangambah, J.R., 1985, ‘Approaches to the problem of rural poverty in Africa, in Kiros’, F.G. (ed.), Challenging Rural Poverty: Experiences in institutional- building and popular participation for rural development in Eastern Africa, Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
- Campbell, B., 1994, ‘Praise the community, blame the mothers’, The Independent, 30 November 1994.
- Chambers, R., 1983, Rural Development: Putting the last first, London: Longman.
- Cohen, S., 1996, ‘Mobilizing communities for participation and empowerment’, in Servaes, J., Jacobson, T.L. and White, S.A. (eds), Participation for Social Change, New Delhi: Sage, pp. 223–248.
- Cross, S. and Kutengule, M., 2001, Decentralisation and Rural Livelihoods in Malawi, LADDER Working Paper No. 4 (September).
- Economist Intelligence Unit, 1999, Malawi – Country Profile, London: EIU.
- Flecknoe, C. and McLellan, N., 1994, The What and Why of Neighbourhood Community Development, London: Community Matters.
- Giddens, A. and Pierson, C., 1998, Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making sense of modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Johnston, H., 1992, ‘Rural livelihoods: action from below, in Bernstein’, H., Crow, B. and Johnston, H. (eds) Rural Livelihoods: Crises and responses, Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with The Open University.
- Lindskog, P. and Lundquist, J., 1989, Why Poor Children Stay Sick: The human ecology of child health and welfare in rural Malawi, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Research Report No. 85.
- Lwanda, J.D., 1993, Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: A study in promise power and paralysis, Glasgow: Dudu Nsomba Publications.
- Mathur, H.M., 1986, Administering Development in Third World: Constraints and choices, New Delhi: Sage.
- Mohammed, O., 1989, ‘Beekeeping in a Gambian village’, Community Development Journal, 24(4): 240–246.
- Momsen, J.H., 1991, Women and Development in the Third World, London: Routledge.
- Nambote, M.A., 1998, ‘Agricultural Extension policy in Malawi: Past experiences and future directions’, in Ahmed, A.G.M. and Mlay, W. (eds). Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: Some critical issues, Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd in association with OSSREA.
- National Assembly, 2000, Supplementary Report of the Public Accounts Committee on mismanagement of public funds in the Ministry of Education, First Report presented to the House on 19 December 2000.
- Neocosmos, M., 1998, ‘From peoples’ politics to state politics: Aspects of national liberation in South Africa’, in Olukoshi, A.O. (ed.), Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa. Uppsala: NAI.
- Nyamnjoh, F.B., 2002, ‘A child is one person’s only in the womb’: Domestication, agency and subjectivity in the Cameroonian grassfields’, in Werbner, R. (ed.), Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa, London: Zed Books, pp 111–138.
- Page, B., 2002, ‘Accumulation by dispossession: Communities and water privatisation in Cameroon’, PRINWASS First International Conference on the theme ‘Meaningful Interdisciplinarity’: Challenges and Opportunities for Water Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, 24–25 April.
- Passmore, J., 1972, The National Policy of Community Development in Rhodesia, Salisbury: University of Rhodesia.
- Shortall, S. and Shucksmith, M., 2001, ‘Rural development in practice, issues arising in Scotland and Northern Ireland’, Community Development Journal 36(2): 122–133.
- Singh, K., 1999, Rural Development: Principle, policies and management, New Delhi: Sage.
- Streeten, P.P., 1995, Thinking About Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Taylor, M., 1992, ‘Signposts to community development’, Community Development Journal, 36(1): 42–52.
- Warburton, D., 1998, ‘A passionate dialogue: Community and sustainable development, in Warburton’, D., (ed), Community and Sustainable Development, London: Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
- Worpole, K. and Greenhalgh, L., 1996, The Freedom of the City, London: Demos.
- Zo mers, A., 1991, Linking Livelihood Strategies to Development: Experiences from the Bolivian Andes, Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.
Les références
Arnon, I., 1986, Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries: Resources, potentials and problems, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Barnes, B., 2001, ‘The macro/micro problems and the problem of structure and agency’, in Ritzer, G. and Smart, B. (eds), Handbook of Social Theory, London: Sage.
Belakere, R. and Jayaramaiah, K.M., 1997, ‘Community development in drought- prone areas’, Community Development Journal, 32(2): 133–140.
Bibangambah, J.R., 1985, ‘Approaches to the problem of rural poverty in Africa, in Kiros’, F.G. (ed.), Challenging Rural Poverty: Experiences in institutional- building and popular participation for rural development in Eastern Africa, Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
Campbell, B., 1994, ‘Praise the community, blame the mothers’, The Independent, 30 November 1994.
Chambers, R., 1983, Rural Development: Putting the last first, London: Longman.
Cohen, S., 1996, ‘Mobilizing communities for participation and empowerment’, in Servaes, J., Jacobson, T.L. and White, S.A. (eds), Participation for Social Change, New Delhi: Sage, pp. 223–248.
Cross, S. and Kutengule, M., 2001, Decentralisation and Rural Livelihoods in Malawi, LADDER Working Paper No. 4 (September).
Economist Intelligence Unit, 1999, Malawi – Country Profile, London: EIU.
Flecknoe, C. and McLellan, N., 1994, The What and Why of Neighbourhood Community Development, London: Community Matters.
Giddens, A. and Pierson, C., 1998, Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making sense of modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Johnston, H., 1992, ‘Rural livelihoods: action from below, in Bernstein’, H., Crow, B. and Johnston, H. (eds) Rural Livelihoods: Crises and responses, Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with The Open University.
Lindskog, P. and Lundquist, J., 1989, Why Poor Children Stay Sick: The human ecology of child health and welfare in rural Malawi, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Research Report No. 85.
Lwanda, J.D., 1993, Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: A study in promise power and paralysis, Glasgow: Dudu Nsomba Publications.
Mathur, H.M., 1986, Administering Development in Third World: Constraints and choices, New Delhi: Sage.
Mohammed, O., 1989, ‘Beekeeping in a Gambian village’, Community Development Journal, 24(4): 240–246.
Momsen, J.H., 1991, Women and Development in the Third World, London: Routledge.
Nambote, M.A., 1998, ‘Agricultural Extension policy in Malawi: Past experiences and future directions’, in Ahmed, A.G.M. and Mlay, W. (eds). Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: Some critical issues, Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd in association with OSSREA.
National Assembly, 2000, Supplementary Report of the Public Accounts Committee on mismanagement of public funds in the Ministry of Education, First Report presented to the House on 19 December 2000.
Neocosmos, M., 1998, ‘From peoples’ politics to state politics: Aspects of national liberation in South Africa’, in Olukoshi, A.O. (ed.), Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa. Uppsala: NAI.
Nyamnjoh, F.B., 2002, ‘A child is one person’s only in the womb’: Domestication, agency and subjectivity in the Cameroonian grassfields’, in Werbner, R. (ed.), Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa, London: Zed Books, pp 111–138.
Page, B., 2002, ‘Accumulation by dispossession: Communities and water privatisation in Cameroon’, PRINWASS First International Conference on the theme ‘Meaningful Interdisciplinarity’: Challenges and Opportunities for Water Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, 24–25 April.
Passmore, J., 1972, The National Policy of Community Development in Rhodesia, Salisbury: University of Rhodesia.
Shortall, S. and Shucksmith, M., 2001, ‘Rural development in practice, issues arising in Scotland and Northern Ireland’, Community Development Journal 36(2): 122–133.
Singh, K., 1999, Rural Development: Principle, policies and management, New Delhi: Sage.
Streeten, P.P., 1995, Thinking About Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, M., 1992, ‘Signposts to community development’, Community Development Journal, 36(1): 42–52.
Warburton, D., 1998, ‘A passionate dialogue: Community and sustainable development, in Warburton’, D., (ed), Community and Sustainable Development, London: Earthscan Publishing Ltd.
Worpole, K. and Greenhalgh, L., 1996, The Freedom of the City, London: Demos.
Zo mers, A., 1991, Linking Livelihood Strategies to Development: Experiences from the Bolivian Andes, Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.